Sovereignty+-+Edwina

= = =Antarctica: Sovereignty =


 * Antarctica is located in the southern hemisphere and is the fifth largest continent. Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean and sits right beneath Australia and South America. Antarctica is like a cold desert because it is one of the coldest, driest and windiest places on earth. Antarctica can be so cold that when it rains,the small drops of water usually freeze mid air turning the rain drops into snow. **
 * Antarctica becomes larger in the winter because in the summer the ice has melted but in winter, its so cold that the melted water turns into ice becomes a part of Antarctica again. **
 * The sea level will rise 60-70 metres if all of Antarctica melts. Scientists have predicted that this will only happen about 7000 years from now. **




 * 1.A picture of Antarctica with all the ice shelves and bases shown on it A satellite image of Antarctica **

What countries have a claim on Antarctica and what activities do they conduct in the region?

 * In one of the Articles of the Antarctic Treaty, it says that no one claims or owns Antarctica but these are some of the countries that still claim to have authority over their previously claimed sections of Antarctica. **


 * Australia, Norway,New Zealand, United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile and France all have claims in Antarctica. **

=**Antarctic Claims**=
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antarctica,_Australia_territorial_claim.svg/250px-Antarctica,_Australia_territorial_claim.svg.png width="148" height="154"]] || **AUSTRALIA **
 * Australia claims 42% of Antarctica, the largest section in Antarctica that has been claimed.Australia claimed our section of Antarctica about eighty years ago in 1933 and builds most of its bases on their own claimed area of Antarctica but there are also other countries that build their bases on Australia's part of Antarctica. **
 * Casey Base is the closest Australian station in Antarctica to Australia. Australia Tasmania, Hobart is 5369 kilo metres away from Antarctica and it takes about eight hours forty three minutes flying time to get from Australia to Antarctica. ** ||
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Antarctica,_Norway_territorial_claim.svg width="159" height="149"]] || **NORWAY **


 * Norway claims the second largest section in Antarctica that was claimed in 1939 which was a couple of years before Australia claimed their section in Antarctica. **


 * The pilot flying from Norway to Antarctica will be flying approximately 17350.70 kilo metres and it takes about a whole entire day or more to fly from Norway to Antarctica. It depends on the pilot. **


 * Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer and was the very first explorer in the world to reach the south pole with his group of men from Norway. ** ||
 * [[image:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Antarctica,_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg width="162" height="152"]] || **NEW ZEALAND **


 * New Zealand claims the second smallest section in Antarctica that was claimed a year before France claimed their part of Antarctica which was several decades ago in 1923. **


 * It takes around eleven to twelve hours to get from New Zealand to get to Antarctica. Just a couple more hours than it takes from Australia to Antarctica.Antarctica is about 4984.16 kilo metres away from New Zealand. ** ||
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Antarctica,_France_territorial_claim.svg width="160" height="149"]] || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">FRANCE **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">France claims the smallest section in Antarctica that was claimed in 1924 one year after New Zealand claimed their section of Antarctica. France claims the very small area in between the Australian claim. **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Antarctica is about 15720.77 kilo metres away from France and it takes about fifteen to eighteen hours for scientists from France to get all the way to Antarctica. ** ||
 * [[image:http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/BAT-Map.png width="164" height="154"]] || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">UNITED KINGDOM **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The United Kingdom was the very first country to ever to claim a section in Antarctica. The United Kingdom's territory in Antarctica was claimed a long time ago in 1908. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scientists in the UK take about 20 hours or more to fly to Antarctica and the pilots take about 16664.29 kilo metres to fly from the United Kingdom to Antarctica. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Robert Falcon Scott was an English explorer and was the second to reach the south pole after the Norwegians and Roald Amundsen. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sir Ernest Shackleton was another well known English explorer that first went to Antarctica with Scott on his first expedition to Antarctica in 1901-1904 but had to return back to the United Kingdom because of getting scurvy. ** ||
 * [[image:http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/BAT-Map.png width="165" height="155"]] || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">ARGENTINA **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Argentina claimed a section on top of the United Kingdom in Antarctica.Argentina claimed this section of Antarctica in 1942. Argentina was the very last country to claim an area in Antarctica. **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Argentina is located near the the bottom of South America which is the closest country to Antarctica so scientists in Argentina travel the least amount of time to get to Antarctica. ** ||
 * [[image:http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/BAT-Map.png width="167" height="157"]] || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">CHILE **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chile was the second last country to claim a part of Antarctica which was in 1940. Chile claims a section of Antarctica that overlaps with the United Kingdom and Argentina. **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">It does not take very long to travel from Chile to Antarctica because Chile is very close to Argentina and is also located in South America, which is the closest country to Antarctica. ** ||

Activities Conducted in Antarctica

 * Scientists working in Antarctica usually go there to study and research about Antarctic animals, glaciers, fossils, climate and how ice sheets are formed.Scientists also research about Auroras.**
 * You can often see them in Antarctica. They are like natural light shows in the sky but only in one common colour, green. The other rare Aurora colours would be blue and purple.**


 * Antarctica is also a popular place that astrologers go to visit because Antarctica is one of the best places on earth to view stars.**


 * [[image:https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSPV0Dv17lXve1damsOcv7hHUB0436-WAiZ2-neNjFWle4FSRMe width="183" height="106"]] || ===**Australia**===


 * Australian scientists study and research about many different things in Antarctica such as researching about how krills survive in the cold waters of Antarctica, whales and they also study about the in ice in Antarctica because the oldest ice on planet earth is in Antarctica.** ||
 * [[image:https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTKm0UtY8GCP-LudrEQl16RyrngPWoRMMU9PEAKc4GSgYW9jDFI width="183" height="108"]] || ===Norway===


 * Norwegian scientists study and research about climate in Antarctica, environmental impact and geological mapping in Antarctica which is creating a map of Antarctica and showing the different mountains, rocks and geographical features on it.** ||
 * [[image:https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTlN2MhkqMnB7sXHduH6gUx2HNWH03s7iGPwbQymKbX3SgNSgJH width="183" height="87"]] || ** New Zealand **
 * New Zealand scientists discover and research about fossils and remains of extinct animals such as the Tetrapod which is a bit similar to a dinosaur which was discovered by a scientist from New Zealand.** ||
 * [[image:http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/f/france/france.gif width="181" height="102"]] || ** France **


 * France studies about the ice core and different types of ice in Antarctica. They have researched about a piece of ice found in Antarctica and the French scientists estimated that this piece of ice was almost a million years old.** ||
 * [[image:http://wallpaperspoints.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/uk-flag-download-hd-wallpapers.png width="199" height="97"]] || **United Kingdom**


 * English scientists from the UK work in the Rothera, Halley and Signy base stations in Antarctica and they study and research about in environment and climate change in Antarctica.** ||
 * [[image:http://images.wikia.com/piratesonline/images/4/49/Argentina-flag.gif width="198" height="118"]] || ** Argentina **


 * Scientists from Argentina also study about the environment in Antarctica but also research about the climate change in Antarctica. Argentina also researches about the oceans around Antarctica.** ||
 * [[image:http://nachodonut.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/chile-flag.jpg width="198" height="134"]] || **Chile**


 * Chile works in the Chilean base station named //Antartica// and is not to be confused with //Antarctica// which is located on the western side of Antarctica on the Chilean claim.**


 * Chilean scientists study about the same things as the French Scientists, Pieces of rocks, old ice pieces and ice cores ** ||

** The Defunct German Nazi Claim **

 * The German Nazi had a claim in Antarctica very long ago in 1939. They had claimed a small area towards the north of Antarctica. Several years later in 1945, the German Nazi claim became a defunct claim which means that Germany no longer has a claim in Antarctica. **

** Overlapping claims in Antarctica. **

 * The United Kingdom claimed a large section north west in Antarctica in 1908 and became an overlapped claim in 1940 when Chile claimed another section in Antarctica that was very close to the United Kingdom's claim. Later on in 1942, Argentina later on claimed a large section in between the English and Chilean claim in Antarctica. **

**Possible Future Claims In Antarctica.**
===Russia and the United States America have reserved some areas of Antarctica to become theirs, but because the treaty is in force, their reservations have been put aside to be discussed about later in the future.===
 * Although these two countries have signed and have agreed to the rules in the Antarctic treaty articles, they still claim to have the right of being allowed to own sections or areas of Antarctica.**






 * Pictures of the different countries who have claim on Antarctica and areas where the German Nazi had previously claimed several decades ago before it became a defunct claim in Antarctica.**

**The ATS short for the Antarctic treaty system does not allow other countries to claim areas of Antarctica as long as the treaty is still in force. There are many different articles about the Antarctic treaty that most of the countries in the world have signed and have agreed to such as,**
 * Antarctic Treaty System **
 * **Testing weapons or dangerous millitary equipment in Antarctica is forbidden.**
 * **You are not allowed to litter or leave any rubbish/garbage behind in Antarctica.**
 * **Taking rocks, animals or anything that is not yours is not allowed.**
 * ** Foreign countries are not allowed to make any more claims on Antarctica so reserved sections of Antarctica made by the US and Russia have not be made and have just been put aside for later. **


 * Those were some rules that have been written down inside of the Antarctic Treaty System articles that must be followed by Scientists, workers or tourist guides. Scientists are not allowed to work in Antarctica if they have not signed the Antarctic treaty.**
 * The Antarctic Treaty was created slightly over 50 years ago and and more and more countries have are starting to agree with the Antarctica Treaty System. There was only 12 different countries who thought that the treaty was right, but has now grown to over 50 countries.**


 * Even though there is more than 50 countries that have signed the Antarctic Treaty, there are only 28 participants from different countries that go to talk about the decision making process.**


 * Australia has the biggest role to play because we have taken the leadership role in the Antarctic Treaty System during a discussion at the Madrid protocol. We have also taken responsibility for the environmental protection in Antarctica.**


 * [[image:http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2006/images/arctc.jpg width="473" height="220"]] || [[image:https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSyDWvyDfbagFAixxfmqYSeTAF20DGamEMFi-THQa78hpdlx-fo4tW04utC width="407" height="230" align="center"]] ||
 * **This is a picture of one of the articles of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS).** || **This is a picture of Antarctica and the flags of countries that agreed and have signed the Antarctic Treaty.** ||
 * Sharing Research Results with Other Countries **


 * Sharing the results with other scientists from other countries is also a rule in the Antarctic Treaty System. Australia for example, Dr Helena Baird is and Australian scientist who studies about many different types of Antarctic sea creatures and has recently provided new research results on amphipods and other animals living on the sea floor of Antarctica ** ** for the Nobel laureates in Tokyo Japan. **

=media type="youtube" key="wsrYGvMr4Nc" width="560" height="315"= = = =**International Geophysical Year. (IGY)**=
 * Here is a link to a video of the signing of the Antarctic Treaty: [|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsrYGvMr4N] **
 * This is a two minute video that talks about the the Antarctic Treaty System and shows the governments of different countries signing the Treaty papers**.


 * There was originally 46 different countries who have agreed to participate in this event but there is now over 60 countries involved in this event. Some of those countries that have participated in this event are Japan, Russia, New Zealand, Australia and France.**


 * The International Geophysical Year organizers had literally spammed the whole world from the north pole to Antarctica before they held their first meeting so scientists and debaters from different countries from all over world would come come join and participate in the International Geophysical year meeting to discuss about the environment, global warming and new rules for the Antarctic Treaty System.**


 * [[image:http://www.scar.org/about/history/historygroup2006crop.gif width="467" height="227"]] || [[image:http://classroom.antarctica.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0007/99520/varieties/popup.jpg width="352" height="247"]] ||
 * **Participants of Antarctica's IGY meeting** || **IGY Antarctica m eetin g** ||

Do people live in Antarctica all year round or for short periods only?

 * People who work in Antarctica are usually scientists who work for the government and want to research about Antarctica.**


 * Scientists usually stay in bases for a couple of months but they are not allowed to stay for to long because of the different effects that can happen to the human body such as getting scurvy which is a sickness that Sir Ernest Shackleton got because he didn't eat enough citrus fruits such as oranges,lemons, limes or not having enough vitamin C.**


 * There is also another sickness that you can get called Chlorosis which is something that you get if you don't see enough living plants or greenery for a long time. This would be a common sickness that scientists would get because Antarctica would be would be nothing but white snow.**


 * You could also get another type of sickness that is caused if you are too cold and get too much frost bites. This happens when you are not wearing enough or appropriate type of clothing in Antarctica**




 * **Eating oranges, lemons and other citrus fruits will prevent scurvy because they contain lots of vitamin C.**
 * **Seeing nothing but white ice and snow for too long can make your brain think differently from what you see** ** and you could get chlorosis. **
 * ** Having too much frost bites from not keeping warm can also make you very sick or ill. **

=Building in other countries claims=


 * Even though on the geological map of Antarctica, There are only seven countries who have claims in Antarctica but all these countries are allowed to build bases or stations in other countries claimed sections.**
 * Other countries like Russia and America do not have any claimed areas in Antarctica but still American and Russian scientists are allowed to work in Antarctica because they have signed the Antarctic Treaty papers and they have also agreed to all the rules and articles.**
 * For example, Japan has built 4 different stations in Antarctica and most of them are built in the Australian claim except for the Syowa base which was built in the Norwegian claim.**
 * There are currently 47 stations that have been built in Antarctica by many different countries all over the world. Some of these countries have a claim on Antarctica but some of their bases are built on other sections of Antarctica.**




 * 1. A satellite image of Antarctica showing the Japanese base station that have been built in the different claimed sections of other countries.**
 * 2. A map of where all the three Chinese bases are located.**
 * China has three different bases built in Antarctica and two of them are built in the large territory claimed by Australia. The third base was then built in the overlapping section of Argentina and the Chilean claim. **

Information and Image URLS
[|cientist-to-share-research,-culture-and-art-with-nobel-laureates-in-japan] 28.08.13 || AAT You tube video: [] 24.08.13 ||
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