Sovereignty+-+Amanda

Antarctica
Antarctica is located in the Southern hemisphere which is at the bottom of the earth. The name Antarctica is derived from from the Greek word //Antarktike// which means the opposite to the Arctic (North). Antarctica has 90% of the worlds ice so it is extremely cold. The annual average temperature is -50 ºC and 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages a mile thick. Antarctica has the world largest ecosystem, and it is also very delicate, so if the ice melts the world will all be covered by melted ice. The continent that surrounds the South Pole compromises nearly 10% of the earth's landmass. Antarctica can also be considered a dessert because of it's dry, cold, windy weather.

Antarctica has long been famous for being the only continent in which no government holds power.
Antarctica's not only claimed by one country, in fact there are 7 countries that claims the frozen continent  The countries are:  Although 7 countries owns their own section in Antarctica, there are 46 countries protecting it, that's precisely 80% of the worlds population. All of those 46 countries signed the Antarctic Treaty.   Some sections in Antarctica have been unclaimed and some could be overlapping. =Activities that these countries conduct and the impact of the activities= Scientific research and monitoring in polar regions is crucial for understanding global changes in climates and the environment. These seven countries often researches about ice sheets, glaciers, climate change, geographical features, and the Aurora Australis.
 * United Kingdom
 * France
 * Australia
 * New Zealand
 * Norway
 * Chile
 * Argentina
 * ===[[image:australian flag.gif width="184" height="117"]]=== || Australia:

At the moment Australian scientists have been focusing on researching Antarctica's ice sheet, Whales and also how Krill's survive in the cold. Over the next 10 years Australia will focus its efforts in four themes, the plan for the Australian Antarctic Science Program will focus on (Theme 1) Climate Processes and Change, (Theme 2) Terrestrial and Nearshore Ecosystems: Environmental Change and Conservation, (Theme 3) Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Environmental Change and Conservation and (Theme 4) Frontier Science. ====Research into the themes will be designed mainly to link monitoring, observational and experimental science with the required process studies and also to the provide scientific input to policy makers, conservation and resource managers. ==== ||
 * ===[[image:norweigan flag.jpg width="180" height="132"]]=== || ====Norway:====

====Norwegian scientists are researching about climate change in Antarctica, environmental impact and geological mapping which creates the map of Antarctica which shows different types of Mountains, rocks, and geographical features in Antarctica.==== ||
 * ===[[image:nz-flag.jpg width="188" height="100"]]=== || ====New Zealand:====

New Zealand scientists studies about fossils and the remainings of extinct animals that they can find in Antarctica.
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 * [[image:french_flag.jpeg width="180" height="119"]] || ====France:====

The main subject France scientists studies ice core and different types of ice sheets and how deep is the ice in Antarctica. They've even found an ice piece that is precisely 1 million years old.
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 * ===[[image:united kingdom flag.gif width="181" height="125"]]=== || ====United Kingdom:====

====The English scientist works in the Halley, Rothera and Signy base station, and each stations researches many different things. The UK scientists who works in the Halley base station provides vital information about ozone depletion, polar atmospheric chemistry, sea level rise and climate change, The English scientists takes approximately about 20 hours to travel from the UK to Antarctica itself.==== || ====Accordingly to the principles of its creation, the //Instituto Antarctico Argentino participates with its scientific, and// //technical and administrative staff, in a wide range of national and international programmes for a better understanding of the Antarctic. Scientists are trained and deployed on Argentine bases for researching on different fields of science including Atmosphere, Biology, Oceanography, Weather, Chemistry, Ozone Layer, Global Warming and CO2.//==== ||
 * [[image:argentina flag.png width="175" height="114"]] || ====Argentina:====
 * ===[[image:flagge-chile.gif width="179" height="120"]]=== || ====Chile:====

====Chilean scientists work in the Chilean base station called Antarctica (not the actual Antarctica), it is located in the Western part on Antarctica on the territory that Chile claimed. Chile aims to strengthen and promote its research in science, technology, and innovation in Antarctica, with emphasis on social and political aspects for improving the quality of Chilean Antarctic Science.==== ||

Antarctic claims:

 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png width="74" height="43" caption="British Antarctic Territory"]] || United Kingdom || 1908 || ===[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg/40px-Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg.png width="47" height="49" caption="Antarctica, United Kingdom territorial claim.svg"]]=== || ====Out of these 7 countries United Kingdom was the first to claim the Antarctic Territory, UK claimed their section on the 3rd of March 1908. Roald Amundsen was an English explorer that came first to reach the South Pole and Robert Falcon Scott was an Norwegian explorer that came second. Another famous English explorer would be Sir Ernest Shackleton who led three Brittish expeditions to the South Pole.==== ||
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png width="74" height="43" caption="Ross Dependency"]] || New Zealand || 1923 || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg/40px-Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg.png width="40" height="40" caption="Antarctica, New Zealand territorial claim.svg"]] || ====//Argentine Antarctica// is sector in Antarctica that has been claimed by Argentina as a part of its national territory.==== ||
 * [[image:france flag.jpg width="69" height="49"]] || France || 1924 || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg/40px-Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg.png width="40" height="40" caption="Antarctica, France territorial claim.svg"]] || ====France claims the smallest section in Antarctica. France claims the section between Australia.==== ||
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png width="67" height="46" caption="Australian Antarctic Territory"]] || Australia || 1933 || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg/40px-Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg.png width="40" height="40" caption="Antarctica, Australia territorial claim.svg"]] || ====Australian Antarctic Territory covers nearly 5.9 million square kilometres, which is about 42% of Antarctica and nearly about 80% of Australia itself, and yet it is the biggest claim in Antarctica that has been claimed by any nation. The Australian Antarctic Territory is an area in Antarctica which has already been claimed in 1933.====

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 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png width="62" height="48" caption="Queen Maud Land"]] || Norway || 1939 || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim.svg/40px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim.svg.png width="40" height="40" caption="Antarctica, Norway territorial claim.svg"]] || ====Norway claims the largest section after Australia. Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer of a polar region. He led the Antarctic expedition to discover the South Pole in December 1911. He was the first explorer who reached the South Pole.==== ||
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Magallanes%2C_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Magallanes%2C_Chile.svg.png width="56" height="41" caption="Antártica Chilena Province"]] || Chile || 1940 || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg/40px-Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg.png width="40" height="40" caption="Antarctica, Chile territorial claim.svg"]] || ====Chile was the second last country to have a claim on Antarctica. The Chilean claim overlaps with Argentina and the United Kingdom.It does not take very long to go to Antarctica from Chile.==== ||
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png width="58" height="44"]] || Argentina || 1942 || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg/40px-Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg.png width="40" height="40" caption="Antarctica, Argentina territorial claim.svg"]] || ====Argentina was the very last country that claimed a section in Antarctica. Argentina is the closest country out of these seven countries for scientists to travel to Antarctica.==== ||

Are these impacts positive or negative?
Antarctica is often thought of as a pristine land untouched by human disturbance. Unfortunately this is no longer the case. Human impact and its environmental changes are starting to effect this pristine land. Scientists research the climate changes that the planet has seen and compares it to the present day. The impact of the scientists research in Antarctica is very small because they try, very hard, to minimize the impact they have on the environment and this can only be a positive thing and maybe from the research scientists can undo some of the damage done in the past from hunting (whaling, fishing, sealing), introduced species and potentially build policies to protect Antarctica for the future.

Do people live in Antarctica all year round or for short periods only
====Scientists who work in Antarctica live there for short period only because of the different side effects such as getting scurvy, chlorosis and frostbites which can lead to permanent injuries. Scientists and explorers are the one who usually visit the frozen continent.====

====Robert Falcon Scott was one of the famous explorer that died in the age of 43 because of the terrible disease called scurvy. You can prevent scurvy by eating more vitamin C or more citrus fruits, but unfortunately there weren't any in Antarctica.====

3 of the main reason why scientists and explorers live in Antarctica for short periods only is:

 * Scurvy which occurs when you don't get enough vitamin C or citrus fruits which is lemon, orange and lime.
 * Chlorosis which can affect when you haven't seen anything except for the white ice.
 * Frostbites that can occur when not protecting your skin from the cold properly which can lead to permanent injuries.


 * Sources || Information ||
 * [] || Nations that have a claim on Antarctica ||
 * http://zidbits.com/2011/07/which-country-owns-antarctica/ || A summary of Antarctica ||
 * http://img4.zidbits.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/antarctica-territories.jpg&t=0d36b6a6af68a3270c8f40f226fc05b0 || An image of countries who owns Antarctica ||
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Programme || New Zealand Antarctic Reasearch Programe ||
 * [] || Australia's Antarctic Treaty ||
 * http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Antarctic_Treaty.shtml || Frances ownership ||
 * http://www.mapsofworld.com/pages/fast-facts/antarctica/ || Facts about Antarctica ||
 * http://carinesproject.weebly.com/the-reasons-for-development-of-some-kind.html || covers most of the question ||
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica || Territory, date ,claimed and claimant ||
 * [|carinesproject.weebly.com] || Photo of the ownership ||
 * http://www.antarctica.gov.au/law-and-treaty/our-treaty-obligations/antarctic-territorial-claims || Australia Antarctic Territory ||
 * http://basementgeographer.com/who-claims-antarctica/ ||  ||
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica || New Zealand claimant ||
 * http://www.ecsite.eu/members/directory/chilean-antarctic-institute-inach || Chilean Antarctic Science and discoveries ||
 * http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_stations/halley/index.php || Activities that UK conduct ||
 * __http://www.asoc.org/issues-and-advocacy/antarctic-governance/overview-of-antarctic-governance__ ||  ||